Overview
This tutorial discusses the ongoing but rapid evolution of Internet telephony, the market forces fueling that evolution and the benefits that users can realize, as well as the underlying technologies. It also examines the hurdles that must be overcome before Internet telephony can be adopted on a widespread basis.

The possibility of voice communications traveling over the Internet, rather than the PSTN, first became a reality in February 1995 when Vocaltec, Inc. introduced its Internet Phone software. Designed to run on a 486/33-MHz (or higher) personal computer (PC) equipped with a sound card, speakers, microphone, and modem (see Figure 1), the software compresses the voice signal and translates it into IP packets for transmission over the Internet. This PC-to-PC Internet telephony works, however, only if both parties are using Internet Phone software.

Figure 1. PC Configuration for VoIP

In the relatively short period of time since then, Internet telephony has advanced rapidly. Many software developers now offer PC telephony software but, more importantly, gateway servers are emerging to act as an interface between the Internet and the PSTN (see Figure 2). Equipped with voice-processing cards, these gateway servers enable users to communicate via standard telephones.

Figure 2. Topology of PC-to-Phone

Figure 3. Sequence of VoIP Connection: PC-to-Phone

A call goes over the local PSTN network to the nearest gateway server, which digitizes the analog voice signal, compresses it into IP packets, and moves it onto the Internet for transport to a gateway at the receiving end (see Figure 4). With its support for computer-to-telephone calls, telephone-to-computer calls and telephone-to-telephone calls, Internet telephony represents a significant step toward the integration of voice and data networks.

Figure 4. Sequence of VoIP Connection

Originally regarded as a novelty, Internet telephony is attracting more and more users because it offers tremendous cost savings relative to the PSTN. Users can bypass long-distance carriers and their per-minute usage rates and run their voice traffic over the Internet for a flat monthly Internet-access fee.

Figure 5. PC-to-Phone Connection

Figure 6. Phone-to-Phone Connection